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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
            <gmd:CI_Citation>
              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Cruise ID</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:title>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Reference Section ID</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Research Projects</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:date gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
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        </gmd:MD_Keywords>
      </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
      <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
        <gmd:MD_Keywords>
          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/4eab7956-e59e-4615-8d5c-39a16faa1f27" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN CHEMISTRY &gt; ALKALINITY</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/46206e8c-8def-406f-9e62-da4e74633a58" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; OCEAN TEMPERATURE &gt; WATER TEMPERATURE</gmx:Anchor>
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          <gmd:keyword>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/kms/concept/7e95b5fc-1d58-431a-af36-948b29fa870d" xlink:actuate="onRequest">EARTH SCIENCE &gt; OCEANS &gt; SALINITY/DENSITY &gt; SALINITY</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:keyword>
          <gmd:type>
            <gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_KeywordTypeCode" codeListValue="theme">theme</gmd:MD_KeywordTypeCode>
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          <gmd:thesaurusName>
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                <gmd:CI_Date>
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                    <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="revision">revision</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                          <gmd:linkage>
                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
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                <gco:CharacterString>OCADS Study Type</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:title>
                <gco:CharacterString>Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gmd:CI_Date>
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                            <gmd:URL>https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords</gmd:URL>
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            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="dataset">dataset</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
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                <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Accession 0311640 v1.1 was published.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2026-01-16T20:29:40Z</gco:DateTime>
              </gmd:dateTime>
              <gmi:output>
                <gmi:LE_Source>
                  <gmd:sourceCitation>
                    <gmd:CI_Citation>
                      <gmd:title>
                        <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Accession 0311640 v1.1</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:title>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gmd:CI_Date>
                          <gmd:date gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
                          <gmd:dateType>
                            <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication">publication</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
                          </gmd:dateType>
                        </gmd:CI_Date>
                      </gmd:date>
                      <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                          <gmd:individualName gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
                          <gmd:contactInfo>
                            <gmd:CI_Contact>
                              <gmd:onlineResource>
                                <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                                  <gmd:linkage>
                                    <gmd:URL>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0311640/1.1</gmd:URL>
                                  </gmd:linkage>
                                  <gmd:protocol>
                                    <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
                                  </gmd:protocol>
                                  <gmd:name>
                                    <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Accession 0311640 v1.1</gco:CharacterString>
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                                  <gmd:description>
                                    <gco:CharacterString>published 2026-01-16T20:29:40Z</gco:CharacterString>
                                  </gmd:description>
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                                    <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="download">download</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
                                  </gmd:function>
                                </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                              </gmd:onlineResource>
                            </gmd:CI_Contact>
                          </gmd:contactInfo>
                          <gmd:role gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
                        </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
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                </gmi:LE_Source>
              </gmi:output>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
  <gmd:dataQualityInfo>
    <gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
      <gmd:scope>
        <gmd:DQ_Scope>
          <gmd:level>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="dataset">dataset</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
          </gmd:level>
        </gmd:DQ_Scope>
      </gmd:scope>
      <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon;
Abbreviation: TIC;
Unit: Î¼mol/kg;
Observation type: Discrete samples;
Measured or calculated: MEASURED;
Sampling instrument: 250mL glass bottles, preserved with 100 microliters of HgCl2, glass stoppers sealed with grease and tape. Stored at 4 C until analysis at the Institute of Ocean Sciences. Total inorganic carbon and alkalinity were both analyzed from the same bottle.;
Analyzing instrument: VINDTA 3D (SN 30); UIC CM5017O Coulometer;
Replicate information: average difference between replicates from the same niskin: -1.0 +/- 9.6 micromol/kg; average absolute difference: 4.5 +/- 5.1 micromol/kg;
CRM manufacturer: Dickson water;
CRM batch number: 170 and 197;
Preservation method: HgCl2;
Preservative volume: 100 microL st'd solution;
Preservative correction: x1.0004 (250-mL sample bottles);
Uncertainty: '-0.2 micromol/kg;
Method reference: Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.) 2007. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp.;
Researcher name: Lisa Miller;
Researcher institution: Institute of Ocean Sciences</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Total alkalinity;
Abbreviation: alk;
Unit: Î¼mol/kg;
Observation type: Discrete samples;
Measured or calculated: Measured;
Sampling instrument: Niskin/Rosette;
Analyzing instrument: 665 Dosimat Brinkmann Metrohm; IOS Titrator # 1;
Type of titration: Potentiometric titration;
Cell type (open or closed): open;
Curve fitting method: non-linear least squares;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Acid batch: IOS 2022-1; Analysis temperature: 25.0 â¦C; Explanation of flags: 21-04-004-01 large difference between replicates, 21-04-103-05 large difference between replicates; 21-03-046-15 high outlier;
Replicate information: average difference between replicates from the same niskin: -0.2 +/- 4.7 micromol/kg; average absolute difference: 9.7 +/- 5.8 micromol/kg;
CRM manufacturer: Dickson Lab;
CRM batch number: 170 and 197;
Preservation method: HgCl2;
Preservative volume: 100 microL st'd solution;
Uncertainty: -1.7 micromol/kg (average error in 88 analyses of Dickson water standards);
Researcher name: Lisa Miller;
Researcher institution: Institute of Ocean Sciences</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Delta 14C, del13C;
Abbreviation: 14C [â°], 13C [â°];
Unit: permille;
Observation type: Discrete samples);
Measured or calculated: MEASURED;
Sampling instrument: Niskin/Rosette; 250mL glass bottles with HDPE caps, preserved with 100 microliters of HgCl2. Stored dark at room temperature until analysis at the University of Ottawa/UC Irvine. 14C and 13C were both analyzed from the same bottle.;
Analyzing instrument: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry;
Sensor manufacturer: Ionplus, ThermoâFinnigan;
Sensor model: MICADAS, Delta VâPlus Continuous Flow IsotopeâRatio Mass Spectrometer;
Uncertainty: Â±2â°, Â±0.1â°;
Method reference: Jasperse, L., et al (2025) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39(4); Torres, et al. (2005) Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 3.8;
Researcher name: Brett Walker;
Researcher institution: UC Irvine</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Sea water temperature;
Abbreviation: CTDTEMP_ITS90;
Unit: degrees celcius;
Observation type: Profile (discrete samples);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: IN-SITUOBSERVATION;
Measured or calculated: MEASURED;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Analyzing instrument: Seabird CTD SBE-911plus;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: In-situ temperature recorded from CTD on the ITS-90 scale;
Uncertainty: accuracy of 0.001 deg C</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Parameter or Variable: Sea water practical salinity;
Abbreviation: CTDSAL_PSS78;
Unit: unitless;
Observation type: Profile (discrete samples);
In-situ / Manipulation / Response variable: IN-SITUOBSERVATION;
Measured or calculated: MEASURED;
Sampling instrument: CTD;
Analyzing instrument: Seabird CTD SBE-911plus;
Detailed sampling and analyzing information: Salinity calculated from conductivity recorded with CTD using the equation of the practical salinity scale of 1978.;
Uncertainty: accuracy of 0.0003 S/m for conductivity measurements</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
          </gmd:processStep>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
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    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
      <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
        <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
      </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
      <gmd:maintenanceNote>
        <gco:CharacterString>Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.</gco:CharacterString>
      </gmd:maintenanceNote>
      <gmd:contact>
        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
          <gmd:organisationName>
            <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:organisationName>
          <gmd:role>
            <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="custodian">custodian</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
          </gmd:role>
        </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
      </gmd:contact>
    </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
  </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmi:acquisitionInformation>
    <gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation id="AMS">
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be58">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>measures gaseous carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide gas analyzer has often been referred to as LI-COR, because a lot of researchers choose to use products manufactured by LI-COR incorporation for their carbon dioxide measurement. The main component of a carbon dioxide analyzer is a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer works together with carbon dioxide (CO2) equilibrator (insttypes_id 184) to measure carbon dioxide in the water.

To measure water carbon dioxide, water needs to be continuously supplied to a showerhead inside an equilibrator. As the water flows through the equilibrator chamber, dissolved carbon dioxide exchanges quickly with air in the headspace. This air is then sampled by the carbon dioxide analyzer to determine the mole fraction of CO2 in water.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_bee7">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>CTD</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probe</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be3d">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>Niskin bottle</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>Niskin bottle</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Device for obtaining samples of seawater at a specific depth

Why special entry for Niskin bottle but no entry for Nansen bottle?</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_bea4">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>salinometer</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>salinometer</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>generic salinometer

use salinometer when the instrument type used is unclear but the data include salinity measurements</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be41">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>temperature sensor</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>temperature sensor</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>A sensor used to measure temperature.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      <gmi:instrument>
        <gmi:MI_Instrument id="inst_be28">
          <gmi:identifier>
            <gmd:MD_Identifier>
              <gmd:code>
                <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:code>
            </gmd:MD_Identifier>
          </gmi:identifier>
          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:type>
          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>titrator</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
    </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>