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                <gco:CharacterString>NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>The horizontal accuracy of bathymetric and topographic features in the DEM is dependent upon DEM cell size and the accuracy of the input datasets used to determine corresponding cell values. Topography: 30 meters. Positional accuracy of input topographic datasets limits accuracy of corresponding cell values in DEM. LINZ topography: 1:25,000; total station surveyed topography: 0.1 meter; RTK GPS surveyed topography: 0.1 meter; digitized topography: n/a; GPS surveyed topography: assumed less than 1 meter. Bathymetry: 30 meters. DEM cell-value relative-contribution factors: Lidar: 100; Topographic surveys: 1000 to 100. Bathymetry: less than 1 meter to a few kilometers. Positional accuracy of input bathymetric datasets limits accuracy of corresponding cell values in DEM. RTK GPS surveyed bathymetry: 0.1 meter; multibeam data: 1 meter; single beam bathymetry: 0.01 meter; trackline bathymetry: 25 meters to greater than 100 meters; digitized charts: less than 1 meter; digitized bathymetry: about 1 meter; GEBCO bathymetric DEM: 30 arc-seconds. DEM cell-value relative-contribution factors: Multibeam: 1000; single beam: 1000; trackline: 100; bathymetric DEM: 50; Bathymetric pre-surface: 100.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Vertical Positional Accuracy Report</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>The vertical accuracy of bathymetric and topographic features in the DEM is dependent upon the accuracy of the input datasets used to determine corresponding cell values. Topography: 10 meters. Vertical accuracy of input topographic datasets limits accuracy of corresponding cells in DEM. DEM cell-value relative-contribution factors: Topographic surveys: 1000 to 100. Bathymetry: less than 1 meter to 5% of water depth. Vertical accuracy of input bathymetric datasets limits accuracy of corresponding cells in DEM. RTK GPS surveyed bathymetry: 0.1 meter; multibeam data: about 1 meter to 10 meters; single beam bathymetry: 0.1 meter +/-0.1% of depth; trackline bathymetry: 10 meters +/-0.1% of depth; digitized charts: 25 to 100 meters; digitized bathymetry: about 0.1 meter; GEBCO bathymetric DEM: varies due to sparseness of source data, but generally 1 meter to 5% of water depth. DEM cell-value relative-contribution factors: Multibeam: 1000; single beam: 1000; trackline: 100; bathymetric DEM: 50; Bathymetric pre-surface: 100. Gridding interpolation to determine cell values between sparse soundings in deep water degrades the vertical accuracy of corresponding elevations.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>NCEI made every effort to obtain all available digital topographic and bathymetric datasets in the region for use in building the DEM.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Datasets were visually compared internally and externally (with other overlapping datasets and satellite images and maps) and statistically in ESRI ArcGIS for identification of anomalous elevations or data inconsistencies. Where elevation inconsistencies occurred, the most recent and/or highest resolution data set was selected for use in that region. Clipping of lower resolution datasets was performed in proximity to higher resolution data or newer data. Elevations in the older and/or lower-resolution datasets were superseded prior to building the DEM.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>All datasets obtained by NCEI were converted to common horizontal and vertical datums of WGS 84 geographic and MSL, respectively, using Proj.4's 'cs2cs' projection transformation tool. They were also converted to common file format for visualization and inspection.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-05T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
              </gmd:dateTime>
              <gmd:processor xlink:title="Matthew Lancaster">
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                    <gco:CharacterString>Matthew R. Love</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>Datasets were visually inspected with ArcGIS for identification and editing of data anomalies. Datasets were then compared with overlapping datasets to ensure data consistency.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-06T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>xyz files of the bathymetric data were surfaced using GMT's 'surface' tool onto a 1 arc-second grid that interpolated to fill empty cells. Points extracted every 5 meters along the coastline were also included to ensure that the bathymetric grid reached zero at the coast. The resulting Arc ASCII grid was imported into ArcGIS and clipped to the coastline to remove values over land.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-07T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>xyz files for each input dataset were gridded using MB-System's 'mbgrid' tool, which utilizes a high-tension spline interpolation method to fill grid cells with no input elevation values. Preferential weighting was given to more recent, higher-accuracy datasets.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-08T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>A bathymetric contour of -0.3 meter MSL was constructed at the edge of the fringing reef and a topographic contour of 2 meters MSL was constructed at the landward edge of the beach, referenced to aerial photographs, using Global Mapper. xyz files for each input dataset were gridded using MB-System's 'mbgrid' tool. Relative contribution factors of 50 were applied during gridding.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-09T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
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          <gmd:processStep>
            <gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>The DEM was quantitatively evaluated by comparing with source datasets.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:dateTime>
                <gco:DateTime>2016-11-10T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
              </gmd:dateTime>
            </gmi:LE_ProcessStep>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Swath Sonar Survey Data</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:sourceCitation>
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                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Single Beam Bathymetry Database</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2016-10-01</gco:Date>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gmd:URL>https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg</gmd:URL>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Single Beam Bathymetry Database</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>Trackline Sonar Survey Data</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gml:TimePeriod gml:id="d1e841">
                          <gml:beginPosition>1964-01-01</gml:beginPosition>
                          <gml:endPosition>2014-09-26</gml:endPosition>
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                      </gmd:extent>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Single Beam Bathymetric Data</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Single Beam Bathymetric Survey Data from KBSLOF</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2013-04-27</gco:Date>
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                      <gmd:organisationName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                              <gmd:linkage>
                                <gmd:URL>https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org</gmd:URL>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>Non-profit environmental science organization and ocean research foundation established to help preserve, protect and restore the worldâs oceans and aquatic resources through research, education, and outreach.</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:description>
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                          <gml:beginPosition>2013-04-26</gml:beginPosition>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Digitized Nautical Chart Data</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Digitized Nautical Charts (DNCÂ®) NZ 9558 for the Approach to Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and NZ 9558 and 9558P for Avatiu and Avarua Harbors, Rarotonga, Cook Islands</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:date>
                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2015-11-14</gco:Date>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>United State Intelligence Community (IC), National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>NGA DNC Portal</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>The Digital Nautical Chart is produced by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and is an unclassified, vector-based digital database containing maritime significant features essential for safe marine navigation. DNCÂ® consists of 29 DNCÂ® Regions and is available on DVD-ROM and also available via the NGA Gateway: Digital patch updates and textual corrections to DNCÂ® are also available via the NGA Gateway. Initial data collection of the database is from a portfolio of approximately 5,000 nautical charts that will ultimately provide global marine navigation between 84 North latitude and 81 South latitude and supports a variety of Geographic Information System applications.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Nearshore Multibeam Bathymetric Data</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gco:CharacterString>Cook Islands, Rarotonga, Nearshore Bathymetry Survey Dataset by Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2004-12-31</gco:Date>
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                      <gmd:organisationName gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
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                        <gmd:CI_Contact>
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                            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                              <gmd:linkage>
                                <gmd:URL>http://geonetwork.spc.int/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home</gmd:URL>
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                              <gmd:name>
                                <gco:CharacterString>SOPAC Geonetwork Portal</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:name>
                              <gmd:description>
                                <gco:CharacterString>SOPAC GeoNetwork allows the sharing of geographically referenced thematic information between different organizations. SOPAC Geonetwork's purpose is: To improve access to and integrated use of SOPAC scientific information; To support decision making in the Pacific region; To promote multidisciplinary approaches to sustainable development; To enhance understanding of the benefits of geographic information.</gco:CharacterString>
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