The project lead for the collection of this data was Carrington Hilson. Elk (8 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Lotek Iridium) transmitting data from 2017 to 2021. The Tolowa herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed between 1-6 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set as per Bjørneraas et al. (2010), the GPS data were filtered prior to analysis to remove locations which were: i) further from either the previous point or subsequent point than an individual pronghorn is able to travel in the elapsed time, ii) forming spikes in the movement trajectory based on outgoing and incoming speeds and turning angles sharper than a predefined threshold , or iii) fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst.

The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s home range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 8 elk, including 18 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours. Due to a high variance parameter (greater than 8000), one home range sequence was run with a fixed motion variance of 1000. Large water bodies were clipped from the final output. Home range is visualized as the 50thpercentile contour (high use) and the 99thpercentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.